Biosynthesis and Roles of Glutathione in heat Stressed Animals

Authors(1) :-Alsaied Alnaimy Habeeb

Oxidative stress commonly occurs following heat stress in tropical regions and affects negatively on animals performance. The adverse effect of the heat stress had a negative impact on enzymatic activity. Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant in animals protects cells from oxidative damages and is capable of preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals. GSH has been mediating the initial response for acquiring tolerance to heat stress. GSH serves vital functions in animals, antioxidant defense, scavenging free radicals and other reactive species, removing hydrogen and lipid peroxides, preventing oxidation of bio-molecules, signal transduction and gene expression and DNA and protein synthesis, and proteolysis. Different kinds of stress result in reduction in the concentration of reduced GSH in animal organs. GSH synthesis is impaired under stress conditions, leading to GSH deficiency. A decrease in GSH and an increase in GSSG were found in the blood of heat-stressed cattle.

Authors and Affiliations

Alsaied Alnaimy Habeeb
Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority at Inshas, Cairo , Egypt

Glutathione, Antioxidant, Oxidative Stress, Heat Stress, Animals.

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  2. Habeeb, A .A .M. , A. A. El-Tarabany , A. E. Gad , M. A. Atta (2018). Negative Effects of Heat Stress on Physiological and Immunity Responses of Farm Animals. International Technology and Science Publications, Agricultural Studies, 2, Issue 1:1-18.
  3. Habeeb, A. A. M., A. E. Gad , A. A. EL-Tarabany and M. A. A. Atta (2018). Negative Effects of Heat Stress on Growth and Milk Production of Farm Animals. Journal of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science Volume 2, Issue 1: 1-12.
  4. Bernabucci, U., B. Ronchi, N. Lacetera and A. Nardone (2002). Markers of oxidative status in plasma and erythrocytes of transition dairy cows during hot season. J. Dairy Sci., 85: 2173-2179.
  5. Miller, J.K., Brzezinska-Slebodzinska, E., Madsen, F.C., (1993). Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and animal function. J. Dairy Sci. 76, 2812-2823.
  6. Jones, D. P. (2002). Redox potential of GSH/GSSG couple: assay and biological significance. Methods Enzymol., 348: 93-112.
  7. Townsend, D. M., Tew, K. D. and Tapiero, H. (2003). The importance of glutathione in human disease. Biomed. Pharmacother, 57:145-155.
  8. Guoyao Wu; Yu Zhong Fang; Sheng Yang; Joanne R. Lupton and Nancy D. Turner (2004). Glutathione Metabolism and Its Implications for Health. Journal of Nutrition, 134 (3): 489-492
  9. Lu, S. C. (2000). Regulation of glutathionc synthesis. Curr. Top. Cell Regul., 36:95-116.
  10. Wu, G. and Meininger, C. J. (2002). Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis by dietaiy factors. Annual Review of Nutrition, 22:61-86.
  11. Chung, T.K., Funk, M. A. and Baker, D. H. (1990). L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxy late as acystenieprecursor efficacy for growth and hepatic glutathione synthesis in chicks and rats. Journal of Nutrition, 120:158-165.
  12. Reeds, P. J., Burrin, D. G., Stall, B., Jahoor, F., Wykes, L., Henry, J. & Frazer, M. E. (1997). Enteral gltamate is the preferential source for mucosal glutathione synthesis in fed piglets. American J. Physiol. 273:E408-E415.
  13. Johnson, A. T., Kaufinann, Y. C., Luo, S., Todorova, V. &Klimberg, V. S. (2003). Effect of glutamine on glutathione, IGF-1 and TGF-pl. J. Surgery Research, 111: 222 - 228.
  14. Tapiero, H., Mathe, G., Couvrcur, P. and Tew, K. D. (2002).Glutamine and glutamate. Biomed. Pharmacother. 56:446-457.
  15. Griffith, O. W. (1999). Biologic and pharmacologic regulation of mammalian glutathione synthesis. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 27: 922-935.
  16. Grimble, R. F., Jackson, A. A., Persaud, C., Wride, M. J., Delers, F. and Engler, R. (1992). Cysteine and glycine supplementation modulate the metabolic response to tumor necrosis factor-a in rats fed a low protein diet. J. Nutr. 122:2066-2073.
  17. Sies, H. (1999). Glutathione and its cellular functions. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 27:916 - 921.
  18. Pompella A, Visvikis A, Paolicchi A, De Tata V, Casini AF. (2003). The changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonist. Biochemical Pharmacology, 66:1499- 1503.
  19. Tietze F. (1969). Enzymatic method for quantitative determination of nano-gram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione. Anal Biochem., 27: 502-522.
  20. Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1999) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. In: Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C., Eds., Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 3rd Edition, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1-25.
  21. Potackova, J.; Marhol, P.; Tumova, E.; Kriak, M.; Rokyta, R. ; tipek, S.; Crkovska, J. and Andel, M. (2003). Oxidative stress in the brain tissue of laboratory mice with acute post insulin hypoglycemia. Physiol. Res., 52 :131-135.
  22. Fang, Y. Z., Yang, S. & Wu, G. (2002). Free radicals, antioxidants and nutrition. Nutrition, 18:872-879.
  23. Scholz RW, Graham KS, Gumpricht E, Reddy CC. (1989). Mechanism of interaction of vitamin E and glutathione in the protection against membrane lipid peroxidation. Ann N Y Acad Sci.; 570: 514 -517.
  24. Hughes, RE (1964). Reduction of dehydro-ascorbic acid by animal tissues. Nature, 203:1068-1069.
  25. Clementi, Emilio; Smith, Guy Charles; Howden, Martin; Dietrich, Salvador; Bugg, S; O'Connell, MJ; Goldsbrough, PB; Cobbett, CS (1999). Phytochelatin synthase genes from Arabidopsis and the yeast Schizosaccharo- myces pombe. The Plant cell.11:1153-1164.
  26. Forman, H.J.. H. Zhang and A. Rinna. (2009). Glutathione: Overview of its protective roles, measurement and biosynthesis. Mol. Aspects Med, 30: 1 -12.
  27. Pastore, A.. G. Fedrici, E. Bertini and F. Piemonte (2003). Analysis of glutathione: Implication in redox and detoxification. Clin. Cham. Acta, 33: 19-39.
  28. Aw, T. Y. (2003). Cellular redox: a modulator of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. News Physiol. S c i., 1 8 : 2 0 1 - 2 04
  29. Sies, H. (1999).Glutathione and its cellular functions. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 27:916 - 921.
  30. Guarino, M. P., Afonso, R. A., Raimundo, N., Raposo, J. F. and Macedo, M. P. (2003) Hepatic glutathione and nitric oxide are critical for hepatic insulin-sensitizing substance action. Am J. Physio., L284 :G588 -G594.
  31. Madrigal, J. L. ; Olivenza, R. ; Moro, M. A. ; Lizasoain, I. ; Lorenzo, P. Rodrigo, J. and Leza, J. C. (2001). Glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction are induced by chronic stress in rat brain. In: Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, : 420-429
  32. Lakritz, J., M.J. Leonard, P.A. Eichen, G.E. Rottinghaus, G.C. Johnson and D.E. Spiers (2002). Whole blood concentrations of glutathione in cattle exposed to heat stress or a combination of heat stress and endophyte infected tall fescue toxins in controlled environmental conditions. Am. J. Vet. Res., 63: 799-803.
  33. Harmon, R.J., Lu, M. Trammel, D.S. and Smith, B.A. (1997). Influence of heat stress and calving on antioxidant activity in bovine blood. J. Dairy Sci., 80 (Suppl.1): 264.
  34. Swiderska-Kolacz1, G. , J. Klusek1, A. Kolataj and J. Rafay (2006). Influence of displacement stress on glutathione level in the liver and kidney of rabbits, Short communication. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 39, (4): 188 - 190.
  35. Meister, A. (1994). Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals. J. Biol. Chem. 269:9397-9400.
  36. Leggatta R.A., C.J. Brauner b,?, P.M. Schulte b, G.K. Iwama c (2007). Effects of acclimation and incubation temperature on the glutathione antioxidant system in killifish and RTH-149 cells. Comparative Biochem. and Physiology, Part A 146: 317-326
  37. Joanna P. Morrison,1 Mitchell C. Coleman, Elizabeth S. Aunan, Susan A. Walsh, Douglas R. Spitz, and Kevin C. Kregel (2005). Thiol supplementation in aged animals alters antioxidant enzyme activity after heat stress. J Appl. Physiol., 99: 2271-2277, 2005.
  38. Meister, A. (1994). Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals. J. Biol. Chem. 269:9397-9400.
  39. El-Shahat A, Gabr A, Meki A and Mehana E. (2009). Altered testicular morphology and oxidative stress induced by cadmium in experimental rats and protective effect of simultaneous green tea extract. Int. J. Morphol; 27:757.
  40. Dehghan, A.; M. Arabi; S. Nahid and M. Ammlan (2010). Changes of serum reduced and oxidized glutathione in heat stressed rams. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 5(7): 472-477.
  41. Verlecar, X. N. ;K.B. Jena, and G.B.N Chainy (2007). Biochemical markers of oxidative stress in Perna viridis exposed to mercury and temperature. Chem Biol Interact, 1; 167(3) : 219-226.
  42. Pastore, A.. G. Fedrici, E. Bertini and F. Piemonte (2003). Analysis of glutathione: Implication in redox and detoxification. Clin. Cham. Acta, 33: 19-39.
  1. Habeeb, A. A. M.; I.F.M. Marai and T.H. Kamal (1992). Heat Stress. Chapter 2 In: Farm Animals and the Environment. Edited by C. Phillips and D. Piggins, Common wealth Agricultural Perau International United Kingdom : 27-47.
  2. Habeeb, A .A .M. , A. A. El-Tarabany , A. E. Gad , M. A. Atta (2018). Negative Effects of Heat Stress on Physiological and Immunity Responses of Farm Animals. International Technology and Science Publications, Agricultural Studies, 2, Issue 1:1-18.
  3. Habeeb, A. A. M., A. E. Gad , A. A. EL-Tarabany and M. A. A. Atta (2018). Negative Effects of Heat Stress on Growth and Milk Production of Farm Animals. Journal of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science Volume 2, Issue 1: 1-12.
  4. Bernabucci, U., B. Ronchi, N. Lacetera and A. Nardone (2002). Markers of oxidative status in plasma and erythrocytes of transition dairy cows during hot season. J. Dairy Sci., 85: 2173-2179.
  5. Miller, J.K., Brzezinska-Slebodzinska, E., Madsen, F.C., (1993). Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and animal function. J. Dairy Sci. 76, 2812-2823.
  6. Jones, D. P. (2002). Redox potential of GSH/GSSG couple: assay and biological significance. Methods Enzymol., 348: 93-112.
  7. Townsend, D. M., Tew, K. D. and Tapiero, H. (2003). The importance of glutathione in human disease. Biomed. Pharmacother, 57:145-155.
  8. Guoyao Wu; Yu Zhong Fang; Sheng Yang; Joanne R. Lupton and Nancy D. Turner (2004). Glutathione Metabolism and Its Implications for Health. Journal of Nutrition, 134 (3): 489-492
  9. Lu, S. C. (2000). Regulation of glutathionc synthesis. Curr. Top. Cell Regul., 36:95-116.
  10. Wu, G. and Meininger, C. J. (2002). Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis by dietaiy factors. Annual Review of Nutrition, 22:61-86.
  11. Chung, T.K., Funk, M. A. and Baker, D. H. (1990). L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxy late as acystenieprecursor efficacy for growth and hepatic glutathione synthesis in chicks and rats. Journal of Nutrition, 120:158-165.
  12. Reeds, P. J., Burrin, D. G., Stall, B., Jahoor, F., Wykes, L., Henry, J. & Frazer, M. E. (1997). Enteral gltamate is the preferential source for mucosal glutathione synthesis in fed piglets. American J. Physiol. 273:E408-E415.
  13. Johnson, A. T., Kaufinann, Y. C., Luo, S., Todorova, V. &Klimberg, V. S. (2003). Effect of glutamine on glutathione, IGF-1 and TGF-pl. J. Surgery Research, 111: 222 - 228.
  14. Tapiero, H., Mathe, G., Couvrcur, P. and Tew, K. D. (2002).Glutamine and glutamate. Biomed. Pharmacother. 56:446-457.
  15. Griffith, O. W. (1999). Biologic and pharmacologic regulation of mammalian glutathione synthesis. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 27: 922-935.
  16. Grimble, R. F., Jackson, A. A., Persaud, C., Wride, M. J., Delers, F. and Engler, R. (1992). Cysteine and glycine supplementation modulate the metabolic response to tumor necrosis factor-a in rats fed a low protein diet. J. Nutr. 122:2066-2073.
  17. Sies, H. (1999). Glutathione and its cellular functions. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 27:916 - 921.
  18. Pompella A, Visvikis A, Paolicchi A, De Tata V, Casini AF. (2003). The changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonist. Biochemical Pharmacology, 66:1499- 1503.
  19. Tietze F. (1969). Enzymatic method for quantitative determination of nano-gram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione. Anal Biochem., 27: 502-522.
  20. Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1999) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. In: Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C., Eds., Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 3rd Edition, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1-25.
  21. Potackova, J.; Marhol, P.; Tumova, E.; Kriak, M.; Rokyta, R. ; tipek, S.; Crkovska, J. and Andel, M. (2003). Oxidative stress in the brain tissue of laboratory mice with acute post insulin hypoglycemia. Physiol. Res., 52 :131-135.
  22. Fang, Y. Z., Yang, S. & Wu, G. (2002). Free radicals, antioxidants and nutrition. Nutrition, 18:872-879.
  23. Scholz RW, Graham KS, Gumpricht E, Reddy CC. (1989). Mechanism of interaction of vitamin E and glutathione in the protection against membrane lipid peroxidation. Ann N Y Acad Sci.; 570: 514 -517.
  24. Hughes, RE (1964). Reduction of dehydro-ascorbic acid by animal tissues. Nature, 203:1068-1069.
  25. Clementi, Emilio; Smith, Guy Charles; Howden, Martin; Dietrich, Salvador; Bugg, S; O'Connell, MJ; Goldsbrough, PB; Cobbett, CS (1999). Phytochelatin synthase genes from Arabidopsis and the yeast Schizosaccharo- myces pombe. The Plant cell.11:1153-1164.
  26. Forman, H.J.. H. Zhang and A. Rinna. (2009). Glutathione: Overview of its protective roles, measurement and biosynthesis. Mol. Aspects Med, 30: 1 -12.
  27. Pastore, A.. G. Fedrici, E. Bertini and F. Piemonte (2003). Analysis of glutathione: Implication in redox and detoxification. Clin. Cham. Acta, 33: 19-39.
  28. Aw, T. Y. (2003). Cellular redox: a modulator of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. News Physiol. S c i., 1 8 : 2 0 1 - 2 04
  29. Sies, H. (1999).Glutathione and its cellular functions. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 27:916 - 921.
  30. Guarino, M. P., Afonso, R. A., Raimundo, N., Raposo, J. F. and Macedo, M. P. (2003) Hepatic glutathione and nitric oxide are critical for hepatic insulin-sensitizing substance action. Am J. Physio., L284 :G588 -G594.
  31. Madrigal, J. L. ; Olivenza, R. ; Moro, M. A. ; Lizasoain, I. ; Lorenzo, P. Rodrigo, J. and Leza, J. C. (2001). Glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction are induced by chronic stress in rat brain. In: Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, : 420-429
  32. Lakritz, J., M.J. Leonard, P.A. Eichen, G.E. Rottinghaus, G.C. Johnson and D.E. Spiers (2002). Whole blood concentrations of glutathione in cattle exposed to heat stress or a combination of heat stress and endophyte infected tall fescue toxins in controlled environmental conditions. Am. J. Vet. Res., 63: 799-803.
  33. Harmon, R.J., Lu, M. Trammel, D.S. and Smith, B.A. (1997). Influence of heat stress and calving on antioxidant activity in bovine blood. J. Dairy Sci., 80 (Suppl.1): 264.
  34. Swiderska-Kolacz1, G. , J. Klusek1, A. Kolataj and J. Rafay (2006). Influence of displacement stress on glutathione level in the liver and kidney of rabbits, Short communication. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 39, (4): 188 - 190.
  35. Meister, A. (1994). Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals. J. Biol. Chem. 269:9397-9400.
  36. Leggatta R.A., C.J. Brauner b,?, P.M. Schulte b, G.K. Iwama c (2007). Effects of acclimation and incubation temperature on the glutathione antioxidant system in killifish and RTH-149 cells. Comparative Biochem. and Physiology, Part A 146: 317-326
  37. Joanna P. Morrison,1 Mitchell C. Coleman, Elizabeth S. Aunan, Susan A. Walsh, Douglas R. Spitz, and Kevin C. Kregel (2005). Thiol supplementation in aged animals alters antioxidant enzyme activity after heat stress. J Appl. Physiol., 99: 2271-2277, 2005.
  38. Meister, A. (1994). Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals. J. Biol. Chem. 269:9397-9400.
  39. El-Shahat A, Gabr A, Meki A and Mehana E. (2009). Altered testicular morphology and oxidative stress induced by cadmium in experimental rats and protective effect of simultaneous green tea extract. Int. J. Morphol; 27:757.
  40. Dehghan, A.; M. Arabi; S. Nahid and M. Ammlan (2010). Changes of serum reduced and oxidized glutathione in heat stressed rams. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 5(7): 472-477.
  41. Verlecar, X. N. ;K.B. Jena, and G.B.N Chainy (2007). Biochemical markers of oxidative stress in Perna viridis exposed to mercury and temperature. Chem Biol Interact, 1; 167(3) : 219-226.
  42. Pastore, A.. G. Fedrici, E. Bertini and F. Piemonte (2003). Analysis of glutathione: Implication in redox and detoxification. Clin. Cham. Acta, 33: 19-39.

Publication Details

Published in : Volume 3 | Issue 5 | November-December 2018
Date of Publication : 2018-12-30
License:  This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Page(s) : 91-98
Manuscript Number : IJSRCH18358
Date Written : 2018-12-02
Publisher : Technoscience Academy

ISSN : 2456-8457

Suggested Citation :

Alsaied Alnaimy Habeeb, "Biosynthesis and Roles of Glutathione in heat Stressed Animals", International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemistry (IJSRCH), ISSN : 2456-8457, Volume 3, Issue 5, pp.91-98, November-December.2018
URL : https://ijsrch.com/IJSRCH18358

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