Antiviral Activity of Novel Quinoxaline Derivative Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1, Human Cytomegalovirus, and Varicella-Zoster
Keywords:
Antiviral Activity, Cytotoxicity, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1, Human Cytomegalovirus, Varicella-ZosterAbstract
Quinoxalines are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds that are both widely recognized and significant. They form the ring complexity that consists of a pyrazine ring and a benzene ring. Distinctly substituted quinoxalines and related compounds, which are incorporated with an abundance of functional groups, constitute significant biological substances. A substantial quantity of studying has been focused towards this class. An assortment of innovative 5H-indolo-(2,3-b) quinoxaline derivatives that have a possibility to act as antiviral drugs. Plaque-reduction technique was implemented to evaluate the antiviral and cytotoxicity of a number of the synthesized compounds. The investigation employed the following methods: adjusting the virus by successive dilutions in the culture medium and assaying it in three separate batches on Vero the monolayers in each well of microtiter trays. The EC50, or the compound concentration necessary for minimizing virus-induced cytopathicity or viral plaque development by 50%, was used to express antiviral activity. Compound b demonstrated promising antiviral activity, while the majority of the compounds investigated exhibited cytotoxicity at a concentration of 160 ug/ml. The current study offered a comprehensive understanding of the synthesis of quinoxaline and its biological properties, as well as its antiviral properties against varicella-zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 1.
References
Mochulskaya, N.N., Nosova, E.V. and Charushin, V.N., 2021. Antiviral agents–benzazine derivatives. Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, 57, pp.374-382.
Pereira, J.A., Pessoa, A.M., Cordeiro, M.N.D., Fernandes, R., Prudêncio, C., Noronha, J.P. and Vieira, M., 2015. Quinoxaline, its derivatives and applications: A State of the Art review. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 97, pp.664-672.
De, A., Sarkar, S. and Majee, A., 2021. Recent advances on heterocyclic compounds with antiviral properties. Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, 57(4), pp.410-416.
Łysakowska, M., Głowacka, I.E., Andrei, G., Schols, D., Snoeck, R., Lisiecki, P., Szemraj, M. and Piotrowska, D.G., 2022. Design, synthesis, anti-varicella-zoster and antimicrobial activity of (isoxazolidin-3-yl) phosphonate conjugates of N1-functionalised quinazoline-2, 4-diones. Molecules, 27(19), p.6526.
Manna, S., Das, K., Santra, S., Nosova, E.V., Zyryanov, G.V. and Halder, S., 2023. Structural and Synthetic Aspects of Small Ring Oxa-and Aza-Heterocyclic Ring Systems as Antiviral Activities. Viruses, 15(9), p.1826.
Csende, F. and Porkoláb, A., 2020. Journal of Medicinal and chemical Sciences. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences, 3, pp.254-285.
Ahmad, G., Sohail, M., Bilal, M., Rasool, N., Qamar, M.U., Ciurea, C., Marceanu, L.G. and Misarca, C., 2024. N-Heterocycles as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Overview. Molecules, 29(10), p.2232.
Abdel-Rahman, A.A.H., El-Ganzoury, E.M., Zeid, I.F., Zayed, E.M. and El-Sayed, W.A., 2024. Quinazolines linked to sugar derivatives as nucleoside analogs, synthesis and biological aspects. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 67(9), pp.209-223.
Lin, X., Liang, C., Zou, L., Yin, Y., Wang, J., Chen, D. and Lan, W., 2021. Advance of structural modification of nucleosides scaffold. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 214, p.113233.
El‐Sebaey, S.A., 2020. Recent advances in 1, 2, 4‐triazole scaffolds as antiviral agents. ChemistrySelect, 5(37), pp.11654-11680.
Maranhão, S.S.A., Moura, A.F., Oliveira, A.C.A., Lima, D.J.B., Barros-Nepomuceno, F.W.A., Paier, C.R.K., Pinheiro, A.C., Nogueira, T.C.M., de Souza, M.V.N. and Pessoa, C., 2020. Synthesis of PJOV56, a new quinoxalinyl-hydrazone derivative able to induce autophagy and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells”, and related compounds. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 30(2), p.126851.
González-Cardenete, M.A., Hamulic, D., Miquel-Leal, F.J., González-Zapata, N., Jimenez-Jarava, O.J., Brand, Y.M., Restrepo-Mendez, L.C., Martinez-Gutierrez, M., Betancur-Galvis, L.A. and Marín, M.L., 2022. Antiviral profiling of C-18-or C-19-functionalized semisynthetic Abietane diterpenoids. Journal of Natural Products, 85(8), pp.2044-2051.
Melnichenko, V.E., Kudryavtseva, T.N., Lamanov, A.Y., Vanina, A.S. and Grekhnyova, E.V., 2021. Synthesis of several new hydroxamic acids containing heterocyclic fragment. Chemical Data Collections, 35, p.100759.
Pereira, J.A., Pessoa, A.M., Cordeiro, M.N.D., Fernandes, R., Prudêncio, C., Noronha, J.P. and Vieira, M., 2015. Quinoxaline, its derivatives and applications: A State of the Art review. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 97, pp.664-672.
Shibinskaya, M.O., Karpenko, A.S., Lyakhov, S.A., Andronati, S.A., Zholobak, N.M., Spivak, N.Y., Samochina, N.A., Shafran, L.M., Zubritsky, M.J. and Bondarev, M.L., 2015. Synthesis and biological activity of 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroindolo [2, 3-b] quinoxaline derivatives. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology, 2(2), pp.140-147.